variable.selection.with.bic <- step( null.model, scope = list( lower = null.model, upper = full.model ), direction = 'both', trace = 1, steps = 1000, k = log( n ) ) Start: BIC=-11263.75 poisonous ~ 1 Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + odor 8 1912.46 115.92 -34443 + spore.print.color 8 1149.02 879.35 -17982 + gill.color 11 940.21 1088.16 -16224 + ring.type 4 738.20 1290.18 -14904 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 701.16 1327.21 -14683 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 670.25 1358.12 -14496 + gill.size 1 591.53 1436.85 -14056 + stalk.color.above.ring 8 558.75 1469.62 -13810 + stalk.color.below.ring 8 537.40 1490.97 -13692 + bruises 1 510.20 1518.17 -13609 + population 5 481.81 1546.56 -13422 + habitat 6 392.94 1635.44 -12959 + stalk.root 4 335.68 1692.70 -12697 + gill.spacing 1 246.19 1782.19 -12306 + cap.shape 5 122.32 1906.05 -11724 + ring.number 2 93.56 1934.81 -11629 + cap.color 9 96.77 1931.60 -11580 + cap.surface 3 78.66 1949.72 -11558 + veil.color 3 47.74 1980.63 -11430 + gill.attachment 1 33.86 1994.52 -11392 + stalk.shape 1 21.11 2007.27 -11340 2028.38 -11264 Step: BIC=-34443.47 poisonous ~ odor Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + spore.print.color 8 71.37 44.55 -42141 + gill.color 11 26.22 89.70 -36427 + stalk.color.below.ring 7 24.03 91.88 -36268 + stalk.color.above.ring 7 9.22 106.70 -35053 + cap.color 9 9.26 106.66 -35039 + cap.shape 5 8.77 107.15 -35038 + veil.color 3 7.69 108.23 -34974 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 7.67 108.25 -34973 + habitat 6 6.46 109.46 -34855 + stalk.shape 1 5.41 110.51 -34823 + ring.number 1 5.35 110.57 -34818 + cap.surface 3 4.61 111.30 -34746 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 3.14 112.78 -34639 + population 5 3.17 112.75 -34624 + gill.size 1 2.17 113.75 -34588 + stalk.root 4 1.98 113.93 -34548 + gill.spacing 1 0.54 115.37 -34473 + gill.attachment 1 0.22 115.69 -34450 115.92 -34443 + bruises 1 0.11 115.81 -34442 + ring.type 3 0.07 115.85 -34422 - odor 8 1912.46 2028.38 -11264 Step: BIC=-42140.9 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + stalk.color.below.ring 7 22.13 22.41 -47658 + ring.number 1 13.11 31.44 -44964 + stalk.color.above.ring 7 7.39 37.16 -43552 + veil.color 3 6.97 37.57 -43497 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 6.78 37.77 -43455 + cap.surface 3 3.69 40.85 -42817 + gill.size 1 3.42 41.12 -42781 + cap.shape 5 3.55 41.00 -42770 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 2.30 42.24 -42545 + habitat 6 2.23 42.32 -42504 + stalk.root 4 1.60 42.95 -42402 + gill.color 11 1.55 42.99 -42330 + cap.color 9 1.41 43.14 -42321 + population 5 0.83 43.72 -42249 + ring.type 3 0.73 43.82 -42247 + gill.spacing 1 0.11 44.44 -42152 + bruises 1 0.07 44.48 -42144 44.55 -42141 + stalk.shape 1 0.01 44.53 -42135 + gill.attachment 1 0.00 44.55 -42132 - spore.print.color 8 71.37 115.92 -34443 - odor 8 834.81 879.35 -17982 Step: BIC=-47658.37 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + cap.surface 3 3.73 18.69 -49108 + ring.number 1 3.54 18.87 -49048 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 1.18 21.24 -48069 + cap.shape 5 0.98 21.43 -47977 + gill.size 1 0.83 21.58 -47957 + ring.type 3 0.32 22.10 -47747 + habitat 6 0.35 22.06 -47733 + population 5 0.29 22.13 -47717 + cap.color 9 0.26 22.15 -47674 + gill.spacing 1 0.06 22.36 -47670 + bruises 1 0.06 22.36 -47669 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.10 22.31 -47669 + stalk.shape 1 0.05 22.36 -47669 22.41 -47658 + gill.color 11 0.25 22.16 -47652 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.13 22.28 -47652 + gill.attachment 1 0.00 22.41 -47649 + veil.color 2 0.00 22.41 -47640 + stalk.root 4 0.05 22.36 -47640 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 22.13 44.55 -42141 - spore.print.color 8 69.47 91.88 -36268 - odor 7 773.81 796.22 -18717 Step: BIC=-49108.27 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + ring.number 1 2.48 16.21 -50257 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 1.19 17.50 -49614 + gill.size 1 0.58 18.11 -49356 + ring.type 3 0.44 18.25 -49274 + cap.shape 5 0.27 18.41 -49182 + habitat 6 0.25 18.44 -49162 + gill.spacing 1 0.08 18.60 -49135 + stalk.shape 1 0.07 18.62 -49130 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.11 18.58 -49129 + population 5 0.15 18.54 -49127 + cap.color 9 0.21 18.48 -49117 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.13 18.56 -49110 18.69 -49108 + bruises 1 0.02 18.67 -49106 + gill.attachment 1 0.00 18.69 -49099 + veil.color 2 0.00 18.69 -49090 + gill.color 11 0.17 18.51 -49086 + stalk.root 4 0.02 18.67 -49080 - cap.surface 3 3.73 22.41 -47658 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 22.17 40.85 -42817 - spore.print.color 8 68.43 87.12 -36674 - odor 7 747.13 765.82 -19006 Step: BIC=-50256.9 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + ring.type 3 2.16 14.05 -51390 + cap.color 9 2.18 14.02 -51351 + gill.color 11 2.12 14.08 -51298 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 1.21 14.99 -50861 + gill.size 1 0.32 15.89 -50408 + cap.shape 5 0.25 15.96 -50338 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.21 15.99 -50338 + habitat 6 0.25 15.96 -50327 + bruises 1 0.08 16.12 -50290 + gill.spacing 1 0.06 16.15 -50276 + population 5 0.12 16.08 -50274 + stalk.shape 1 0.02 16.18 -50259 16.21 -50257 + gill.attachment 1 0.00 16.21 -50248 + veil.color 2 0.00 16.21 -50239 + stalk.root 4 0.00 16.20 -50222 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.01 16.20 -50207 - ring.number 1 2.48 18.69 -49108 - cap.surface 3 2.66 18.87 -49048 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 13.40 29.61 -45423 - spore.print.color 8 64.31 80.52 -37305 - odor 7 447.86 464.07 -23066 Step: BIC=-51390.23 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number + ring.type Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + stalk.root 4 2.27 11.78 -52785 + cap.color 9 1.68 12.37 -52342 + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 0.93 13.12 -51918 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.36 13.69 -51573 + habitat 6 0.36 13.68 -51550 + gill.spacing 1 0.26 13.79 -51532 + cap.shape 5 0.17 13.88 -51445 + population 5 0.15 13.90 -51430 14.05 -51390 + bruises 1 0.00 14.04 -51384 + stalk.shape 1 0.00 14.05 -51382 + gill.size 1 0.00 14.05 -51382 + gill.attachment 1 0.00 14.05 -51381 + veil.color 2 0.00 14.05 -51372 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.00 14.05 -51338 + gill.color 10 0.00 14.05 -51302 - cap.surface 3 1.72 15.77 -50478 - ring.type 3 2.16 16.21 -50257 - ring.number 1 4.20 18.25 -49274 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 8.89 22.94 -47469 - spore.print.color 8 66.30 80.35 -37295 - odor 7 363.52 377.57 -24715 Step: BIC=-52784.92 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number + ring.type + stalk.root Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + stalk.surface.below.ring 3 5.162 6.617 -57443 + bruises 1 1.206 10.573 -53654 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 1.057 10.723 -53522 + cap.color 9 0.784 10.996 -53263 + gill.spacing 1 0.622 11.158 -53217 + habitat 6 0.456 11.324 -53052 + stalk.shape 1 0.298 11.482 -52984 + cap.shape 5 0.304 11.475 -52953 + population 5 0.291 11.488 -52943 + veil.color 2 0.202 11.578 -52907 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.249 11.530 -52905 + gill.size 1 0.065 11.715 -52821 11.780 -52785 + gill.attachment 1 0.000 11.780 -52776 + gill.color 10 0.068 11.712 -52742 - cap.surface 3 1.930 13.710 -51579 - stalk.root 4 2.268 14.048 -51390 - ring.type 3 4.422 16.202 -50222 - ring.number 1 6.229 18.009 -49346 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 8.084 19.864 -48603 - spore.print.color 8 60.137 71.916 -38160 - odor 7 246.165 257.945 -27774 Step: BIC=-57442.89 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number + ring.type + stalk.root + stalk.surface.below.ring Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + bruises 1 1.825 4.792 -60056 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 1.027 5.590 -58787 + cap.shape 5 0.336 6.281 -57822 + population 5 0.299 6.319 -57773 + stalk.shape 1 0.254 6.364 -57751 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.274 6.343 -57733 + veil.color 2 0.210 6.407 -57687 + cap.color 9 0.198 6.419 -57609 + habitat 6 0.146 6.471 -57570 + gill.size 1 0.040 6.577 -57484 + gill.spacing 1 0.031 6.587 -57472 6.617 -57443 + gill.attachment 1 0.000 6.617 -57434 + gill.color 10 0.021 6.596 -57379 - cap.surface 3 2.299 8.916 -55047 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 2.736 9.353 -54695 - ring.type 3 3.528 10.146 -53998 - ring.number 1 4.703 11.320 -53090 - stalk.surface.below.ring 3 5.162 11.780 -52785 - stalk.root 4 6.503 13.121 -51918 - spore.print.color 8 59.235 65.853 -38848 - odor 7 245.721 252.339 -27926 Step: BIC=-60056.01 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number + ring.type + stalk.root + stalk.surface.below.ring + bruises Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC + stalk.shape 1 4.792 0.000 -483618 + habitat 6 2.922 1.870 -67645 + gill.spacing 1 1.962 2.830 -64325 + gill.size 1 1.879 2.913 -64090 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.627 4.165 -61141 + population 5 0.606 4.186 -61110 + cap.shape 5 0.563 4.229 -61027 + veil.color 2 0.401 4.391 -60747 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.265 4.527 -60492 + cap.color 9 0.273 4.519 -60452 + gill.color 10 0.209 4.582 -60329 4.792 -60056 + gill.attachment 1 0.000 4.792 -60047 - cap.surface 3 1.187 5.979 -58286 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 1.439 6.231 -57986 - bruises 1 1.825 6.617 -57443 - ring.type 3 4.840 9.632 -54411 - stalk.surface.below.ring 3 5.781 10.573 -53654 - ring.number 1 6.498 11.290 -53103 - stalk.root 4 8.324 13.116 -51912 - spore.print.color 8 61.060 65.852 -38839 - odor 7 246.061 250.853 -27965 Step: BIC=-483617.5 poisonous ~ odor + spore.print.color + stalk.color.below.ring + cap.surface + ring.number + ring.type + stalk.root + stalk.surface.below.ring + bruises + stalk.shape Df Sum of Sq RSS BIC 0.000 -483618 + gill.size 1 0.000 0.000 -483609 + gill.spacing 1 0.000 0.000 -483609 + gill.attachment 1 0.000 0.000 -483609 + veil.color 2 0.000 0.000 -483600 + stalk.surface.above.ring 3 0.000 0.000 -483591 + population 5 0.000 0.000 -483585 + cap.shape 5 0.000 0.000 -483583 + habitat 6 0.000 0.000 -483583 + stalk.color.above.ring 6 0.000 0.000 -483564 + gill.color 10 0.000 0.000 -483563 + cap.color 9 0.000 0.000 -483547 - cap.surface 3 0.000 0.000 -483583 - stalk.color.below.ring 7 2.204 2.204 -66419 - stalk.shape 1 4.792 4.792 -60056 - bruises 1 6.364 6.364 -57751 - stalk.surface.below.ring 3 6.428 6.428 -57688 - ring.type 3 9.320 9.320 -54670 - ring.number 1 11.172 11.172 -53180 - stalk.root 4 13.107 13.107 -51909 - spore.print.color 8 62.412 62.412 -39266 - odor 7 145.829 145.829 -32363 Warning messages: 1: attempting model selection on an essentially perfect fit is nonsense 2: attempting model selection on an essentially perfect fit is nonsense